Marketing Research on Tea Industry in India Free Essays

MARKET RESEARCH ON MAJOR TEA BRANDS IN INDIA Siddhartha Lodha PG-A History of Packed Tea in India The history of tea dates back to 750-500 BC. Researchers have found that the cultivation and consumption of tea has been taking place since more than a thousand years. However, commercial consumption of tea started with the British rule. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Research on Tea Industry in India or any similar topic only for you Order Now It has now become a part of the Indian culture. Tea laid it’s foundation in India at the turn of the 20th century, when the major emphasis was on the exports of Tea. Earliest reference to a domestic market came from MacKay of Brooke Bond. Equipped with capital and premises, Mackay settled down to serious business. Mackay clearly identified his objectives as to pick up teas suitable for Brooke Bond blends at home, rather than getting them at London and to create and make profitable, a packet and blended tea trade in India and generally in the East. In the early 20th Century, much of India was orthodox and all foreign habits were considered alien and against Indian ethos and culture. In fact, later, when tea was officially promoted by the Tea Market Expansion Board, strong religious pressure groups launched antitea campaigns against tea drinking. The domestic market was very small and hardly able to sustain. Packing material, mainly caddies and cardboard cartons, were imported the UK and the tea was floor-blended and hand-packed. Sales totalled around 17,000 lbs. and the whole operation produced a loss without inclusion of overheads and other costs. It therefore needed a great commitment to persevere this kind of a venture. Backed by the promotion and propaganda efforts of the Tea Market Expansion Board that became the Indian Tea Board through the pioneering efforts of Brooke Bond (more about this later), a strong demand was created for tea as a beverage and the Indian masses avidly took to tea. However, much of the fallout of this phenomenon went to loose teas because of the price factor, so we see a strange development in the packet teas trade in India. In the early years, i. e. the first three decades of the century, the trade was predominantly in the hands of foreign companies and the incipient demand was centered on a small segment, introduced to tea through the Western industrial civilization. The early brand names were based on colors — Red label, Violet label, Green label. The first sale record in India was in April 1903 and the entry reads: Red Label †¦ 720 lbs. Violet Label †¦ 300 lbs. Green Label †¦180 lbs. The fact that Brooke Bond Red Label recorded 720 lbs. as a very auspicious augury for this famous brand, which attained dizzy heights in later years to become the largest selling brand in the world. The early entrepreneurs of packet tea marketing realised that if the trade had to expand, the purchase price of the tea had to be more affordable for their Indian consumer and the tea had to be better presented. In India however, the main consideration was price, one that the lower economic section of th e Indians could afford. When the brands were first launched in the first decade of the century, the cost of the tea in the packet was roughly 60% of the total price. Despite this, prices were considered high. But the demand had been created and was snowballing — opening the floodgates to loose teas, which were at least 20% cheaper than the corresponding tea in packets. Opinions on the worth and prospects of the internal business seemed gloomy. One opinion was that â€Å"Indians can never become tea-minded†. This was based on the English custom of brewing tea in pots, using a long leaf — a leisurely and luxurious habit. It is interesting to note that very early in the century, the marketers of packet tea recognised that if tea had to be made popular among Indians, it had to be presented differently, keeping in mind the Indian cooking habit of boiling. So dust tea was born. ‘Kora’ was the first brand to be introduced by Brooke Bond in paper form packets. The real expansion of the packet business in India came in the early l920s, with the introduction of the direct selling system by Brooke Bond. As was said earlier, the distribution was left in the hands of distributors and stockists who could do a maintenance job but could not do anything to create demand. The depot system or direct selling system helped in introducing tea to the vast population of India but it meant a heavy investment in marketing in the earlier years. It helped in establishing a two-way communication between the salesman and retailer and cemented a personal relationship between them. For a product like tea, where freshness was an important factor, it helped in ensuring stock rotation. Under this system, the companies like Brooke Bond and Lipton, who followed suit through their own personnel, called on all retail outlets on a regular basis and supplied tea on a cash-on-delivery basis. There was no need for the retailer to carry any large inventory, as the calls were on a weekly basis. The system backed by the effective propaganda by the Tea Board really sparked off a consumption explosion, taking India to the position of the largest tea-drinking nation in the world. Today tea has become established as a food habit in all socio-economic sections. In India, tea is an essential item of domestic consumption and is the mostly consumed beverage. Further, tea is the cheapest beverage amongst all the beverages that are available in India and it is very popular amongst all sections of India society. The Indian tea industry engages around 20 lakh of workers, directly and they mainly represents the under privileged sections of the India society. The Tea Business in India registered a total turnover of Rs. 10,000 crore in the previous year. Top Tea Brands in India Brooke Bond has touched millions of consumers with a range of tea offerings appealing to the diversity of their tastes. It has the strongest foothold amongst any of the tea brands in India and touches the homes of over 500 million consumers. The values and personality of the master brand Brooke Bond reflect a warm, sociable, approachable, perceptive and dependable entity. Brooke Bond is the tea expert that selects the best at every stage – from the garden to the cup. The brand, therefore, is seen to offer the appropriate teas for all tea moments in the consumers’ lives. Brooke Bond offers a strong portfolio of four sub-brands namely, Brooke Bond Taj Mahal, Brooke Bond Red Label, Brooke Bond Taaza Brooke Bond 3 Roses. The range offers a full variety of benefits as well as price points to cater to diverse sections of society. For over 4 decades, Taj Mahal has been the gold standard of tea in India. It has been a pioneer of innovations in the Indian tea market First Premium Tea Brand First to introduce tea bags First to usher in new formats and concept, like instant tea – Dessert Tea Brand ambassadors personify the true essence of Taj Mahal (Ustaad Zakir Hussain, Saif Ali Khan) Red Label contains natural flavonoids that helps improve blood circulation and keeps you healthy. Red Label Natural Care has a mix of 5 Ayurvedic ingredients like Tulsi, Ashwagandha, Mulethi, Ginger and Cardamom. Red Label Dust has strength, taste and comes with the Red Label promise of great quality. Red Label Special has extra-long leaves to give you great taste, colour and superior aroma. Entered the lives of the contemporary Indian housewife in the 1990s. Unique and refreshing blend of tea that’s sprinkled with fresh green tea leaves. It’s her daily cup of joy that helps her to refresh and connect with her inner self and aspirations. The advertising communication for Taaza is a reflection of this relationship. Chronicle of the aspirations of a housewife over the past two decades. 4th largest tea brand in India with a portfolio spanning in both leaf and dust segments. 3 Roses which was synonymous to the trinity of perfect colour, perfect strength and perfect taste 3 Roses stood as the bedrock for strengthening a married couple’s relationship with each other 3 Roses has redefined the nature of relationship shared between married couples in India Brooke Bond Sehatmand (Arogya) was launched in early 2010. Brooke Bond Sehatmand with Vitamin Power, helps to keep families healthier through their favourite daily beverage 3 cups of Brooke Bond Sehatmand helps to satisfy 50% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of Vitamins B2, B6, B9 and B12 Brooke Bond Sehatmand successfully runs the ‘Sehatmand Parivaar, Sehatmand Bharat’ movement – an initiative to reach and make a difference to 500 million families across villages in India through education on health and nutrition. nd most trusted beverage brand in India Market leader measured by volume and value branded packet tea Has transformed the way beverages are marketed by positioning tea as a catalyst for social change Promotes social awakening and action through its landmark ‘Jaago Re’ marketing campaigns References: 1. History of Packet Tea : http://www. contemporarybrokers. com/item. aspx? id=100 2. Brooke Bond Brands : http://www. brookebondheal th. com/our-brands. asp 3. How to cite Marketing Research on Tea Industry in India, Essays

Indian culture Essay Example For Students

Indian culture Essay There are many goals the author attempts to achieve but the most probable one is to alert the reader, as Amrita Pritam believes, of the backwardness of the rural society in India from a feminist perspective. She does this using a special approach in which she does not adopt the critical method nor does she comment either with or against, in fact, she takes the stance of an observer to try and repel the possible accusations from the reader of her being biased, unjust and leaning towards the western ideology. The story is like a reflection of Indian customs and tradition where members of the community are obliged to think of other individual views and so surrender by committing acts for the simple grounds that others may resent it. This habit or ritual is also found in many other societies showing that Indian way of life is a mixture of different backgrounds and beliefs. Moving on to the narrative under analysis, the writer carefully selects the title which is also a powerful phrase that seals the story and its main purpose. The Kerosene of the title is the liquid used for the Hindu practice of Sati where the wife of a lost husband soaks her clothes with paraffin or kerosene and sets herself alight consequently burning to death. The writer could have meant that this practice basically stinks as much as kerosene itself, and its clash with modern principles (i.e. old practices such as the Sati are ancient and merely history, not for acting upon.) The story reveals that the oppressed character Guleri, who is the wife of Manak another main character, is almost a slave, not only physically where she does all the labour, sweeping the floor, cleaning the house but also in her dealings as she does not possess full control of her actions since her mother-in-laws opinions enjoy great dominancy in all important decisions. Guleri, in this story, represents all Indian girls or young ladies. The author chiefly uses this substantial character in order to depict the suffering of girls in such a society and the injustice which is committed against them. The married girl, in this case Guleri, is not permitted to visit her parents frequently and the writer, Amrita Pritam, shows this by saying that Guleri was to visit her parents only once a year, Once every year, after the harvest had been gathered in, Guleri was allowed to spend a few days with her parents. The writer also describes the married girls desperateness to see her parents by first describing in sufficient detail how she ran out of the house when she recognised the neighing of a mare and she puts in a short sentence The mare was from her parents village2 to give the statement some value, she then describes Guleris jubilant but silent reaction when she imagines her fathers house in Line 3 of the story. Guleris homesickness is not neglected and is mentioned in the second paragraph where the location and the distance between the two villages. Whenever Guleri was homesick she would take her husband, Manak, and go up to this point.3 The point referred to is the one where her parents village would be visible from. This shows that Guleri was occasionally homesick and that the closest she could get to her beloved parents was a glance where their village would just show in the horizon.  Amrita Pritam, in an attempt to exemplify how Guleri is deprived from seeing her parents frequently she points out: Guleri always counted the days to the harvest. The girl whose sufferings are being uncovered by the author is also not allowed to travel by herself, They sent a man to Lakarmandi to bring her back to Chamba. This would mean that the girl would be made dependant rather than independent. The husbands family play a crucial role in the running of the wifes life, especially the most feared mother-in law.  The power of the mother-in-law (from the male side) is one of the main points used to illustrate the backwardness of such societies. The wife Guleri acknowledges this fact in the story when replying to Manak as he was trying to persuade his wife not to go to the festival, Your mothers said nothing so why do you stand in the way? .u697ac16e5710c9b3694c04f0c74f8690 , .u697ac16e5710c9b3694c04f0c74f8690 .postImageUrl , .u697ac16e5710c9b3694c04f0c74f8690 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u697ac16e5710c9b3694c04f0c74f8690 , .u697ac16e5710c9b3694c04f0c74f8690:hover , .u697ac16e5710c9b3694c04f0c74f8690:visited , .u697ac16e5710c9b3694c04f0c74f8690:active { border:0!important; } .u697ac16e5710c9b3694c04f0c74f8690 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u697ac16e5710c9b3694c04f0c74f8690 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u697ac16e5710c9b3694c04f0c74f8690:active , .u697ac16e5710c9b3694c04f0c74f8690:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u697ac16e5710c9b3694c04f0c74f8690 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u697ac16e5710c9b3694c04f0c74f8690 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u697ac16e5710c9b3694c04f0c74f8690 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u697ac16e5710c9b3694c04f0c74f8690 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u697ac16e5710c9b3694c04f0c74f8690:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u697ac16e5710c9b3694c04f0c74f8690 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u697ac16e5710c9b3694c04f0c74f8690 .u697ac16e5710c9b3694c04f0c74f8690-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u697ac16e5710c9b3694c04f0c74f8690:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: How does Shakespeare use the arras device for particular effect? EssayAnother major factor of Indian culture which is also linked to the mother-in-law is the shame or even the crime of not being able to produce a child which makes the wife completely useless and not worth remaining as a partner. This is not necessarily because the mother of the husband dislikes the worthless wife, in fact, the main possible reason is the mother-in-laws worry from her friends or family as they could go around gossiping that she hasnt had any grandchildren. So this particular point could defame and affect the familys honour, leading their family to consequently marry their son, Manak, to a n ew bride for the cheap price of five hundred (500) rupees, showing that the wifes value is little more than that of a farm animal. Despite what has been said so far the story is not totally critical, this is evident when the writer does not neglect the happy occasion of the harvest festival although it was mentioned to say that this is the only happy occasion in the wifes life: Their dupattas would be dyed, starched and sprinkled with mica to make them glisten. They would buy glass bangles and silver ear-rings. The story also reflects the romantic part of Indian culture where Manak first met Guleri, describing her, many years after his encounter with her, as: unripe corn full of milk. This proves that the husband does love the wife but nothing is in his hands and if his mother says so then it must be so.

Jordanians and Palestinians in the West Bank Essay Example Essay Example

Jordanians and Palestinians in the West Bank Essay Example Paper Jordanians and Palestinians in the West Bank Essay Introduction This paper contains a discussion of the West Bank settlers paticularly, the Jordanians and Palestinians. The similarities and differences of the two cultures in terms of their practices and ideologies as well as their beliefs were delved into. An analysis on how the two cultures co-exist in the area despite its history of their fight for power over the West Bank is also provided. The paper also discusses on the conquest of the Israeli forces over the area and the effects of their occupation to the Palestinians and Jordan settlers in the West bank as well as their present economy. Jordanians and Palestinians Living the Test of Times at the West Bank West Bank, is a southwestern Asia territory that bound by the Jordan territory in its eatern portion and Israel on its north, south and western portions. It is geographically placed seen on the western bank of the Jordan river. This territory was once part of Palestine but was formally annexed by Jordan in 1950. Jordan ruled the area until 1967 and during its rule, it granted full citizenship to Palestinians who were then living in the area (Encarta online encyclopedia, 2007). Jordanians and Palestinians in the West Bank Essay Body Paragraphs The armies of Syria, Egypt and Jordan engaged into a six day war with Israel, in 1967. The Arab armies were defeated and Israel took control of several territories occupied by Syria, Egypt and Jordan and such included the West Bank. In 1988, Jordan ceded to the Palestine Liberation Organization all territorial claims to the West Bank, however, this did not do much because Israel also tried to establish its rule over the area. Israel imposed its laws in the West Bank governing the Palestinians in the process (Encarta online encyclopedia, 2007). The Israeli government introduced various reforms and improvement in the area, however, not all of these reforms benefitted the West Bank inhabitants. The Israeli built roads for their exclusive use only, the Palestinians were prohibited from utilizing it. The Palestinians also tried to establish their claim over the West Bank against the Israeli government. The clash on the establishment of power in the West Bank, led to bloody uprisings. It w as only through a peace convention in 2006 that Israeli government agreed to retreat its forces in the area (Encarta online encyclopedia, 2007). Majority of the population in the West Bank are Palestinian Arabs and 10 percent of the population in the area are Christian Arabs. Agriculture is the primary economic activity of the people because of the lack of more fruitful economic ventures in the area. Most of the job opportunities can be found on neighboring Arab countries like Israel. The currency that are ciculating in the area are the Israeli new sheqel and the Jordanian dinar. The dialects in the West Bank are similar to the Jordanian dialect (Encarta online encyclopedia, 2007). According to a Time magazine article, the Jordanian rule of the West Bank was more palatable for the Palestinians than the rule of the Israelis because they share the same culture. The Israelis were like robbers who took the Palestinian culture away from them. However, this does not mean that the Palestin ians accepted the Jordanian rule with open arms. The two groups also had their share of uprisngs in the quest of both parties to retain power over the West Bank area. The Jordanian government invested heavily on the West bank even if this was already under the Israeli control because it had the aim of recovery. The investment made by the Jordan government on the area somehow uplifted the economy in the West Bank, however, this positive standing in the economy did not last long as other wars and uprising ensued thus, crippling the area’s available resources (Encarta on line encyclopedia, 2007) The Palestinians in the West Bank are the original settlers of the area. They were the original heirs of the West Bank before it was occupied by various conquerors, among them were the Jordanians and the Israelis (Encarta on line encyclopedia, 2007). Based on culture and practices, the Palestinians and the Jordanians are almost similar. In terms of religion, both are attached to the Musl im faith. Majority of the Palestinians and Jordanians are Sunni Muslim, the largest sect in Islam. Others practice different religions such as Christianity, Jewish and the other Muslim sects (every culture, n.d.). For the Palestinians and the Jordanians, the role of women is basically to produce children and tend the household needs, they are not expected to work beyond the house and perform the duties of a man. Rarely is a woman perceived to be of equal rank as that of a man especially in the olden days. It is only recently that the women are allowed to perform other roles besides the tending the house needs and the children. Many women now are part of the workforce and are even doing men’s job. This shift of ideology was not because of cultural influence from the West but because of the dire need for women to take these roles. Life is economically difficult in the West Bank and all efforts must be contributed to find work and provide food for the family (every culture, n.d. ). Aside from these similarities, the two cultures also share the same belief in terms of courtship and marriage. They do not adhere to the Western style of dating and courtship. Their beliefs dictate that the man and the woman should have associated with each others families before they should enter into a romantic relationship. Courtship does not mean entering into a simple relationship–it means marriage (every culture, n.d.). Marriage is an important rite of passage for both cultures. They usually celebrate this with a feast catering 200 to 2,000 guests. A similar kind of celebration is also undertaken whenever a child is born, especially if the child is a baby boy. The Joradanian society has a higher regard for boys than girls. The Palestinians share the same ideology (every culture, n.d.). It is also the practice of the Jordanians to build houses that are several stories high; this is in preparation for the marriage of their sons. The sons who marry take their wives to t he family home and live on one story of the house. The women take charge of the cooking as well as the household chores while the men do not contribute any effort to the household works as they are prohibited by their culture from engaging in such activites. The Palestinian men also do not do houesehold chores. They have high regard for gender roles and distinction of the sexes (every culture, n.d.). People from both cultures are also very hospitable. They do not allow their visitors to bring anything, they provide for all the needs and the guests are expected to consume all that they serve. People from both cultures are also very formal and conservative, as compared to the Western people (every culture, n.d.). Most of the Jordanians and Palestinians also have a very good educational background. There is a great number of them who have attended school in universities and finished college degrees. However, those who are in the West Bank do not have very good jobs because there are on ly a few high paying jobs in the region. Most of the educated serve in Israel where there is a higher pay offered and in nearby Arab countries which have better economies. These Muslims, however, do not hold high positions in the countries that they work for because the priority are the local inhabitants. Aside from these they are not also given the same salary as to that of a local employee who hold the same position; they receive a lower salary. This practice can be attributed to the fact that the Israelis look lowly to the inhabitants of the West Bank, which happens to be a part of their conquered state until 2006 (every culture, n.d.). Among the dissimilarities in the culture of the Jordanians and the Palestinians is their heritage. The Jordanians have a country of their own—Jordan whereas the Palestines do not have a territory that they can call their own. The Palestinians are displaced and most of them are refugees in different Arab countries including Jordan. The Pales tinian territory in 1947 was divided by the United Nations into two—the Palestinian state and the Jewish state. The Palestinian Arabs who comprised sixty-five percent of the population then did not agree of the partition plan and as a result thereof, a war ensued. The Palestinian Arabs lost in the war while the Jewish state successfully established Israel in 1948. The Palestinians tried to establish their power in the area but they were not successful. This failure has led to poor stature of the Palestinians in the present day (Encarta online encyclopedia, 2007). The water scarcity in the area also contributes to its poor economic standing, it lacks better resources that could provide for the needs of the people. The various uprisings and the surge for power in the area is also a factor. Instead of concentrating on enriching their economy, the Palestines are busy fighting for their right to rule their land from the Israelis. The Israeli government played hard in giving up the West Bank leadership as compared to the Jordanian government which ceded its interests to the Palestine Liberation Organization. This cession of interests may have been a factor for the co-existence of the Jordanians and Palestinians in the area. Another factor may have been the fact that the Jordan government houses many of the Palestinian refugees in their country and their sharing of similar religious belief and culture. The fact that majority of both cultures adhere to the same Muslim sect is a great factor. They do not have a clash of ideologies as compared to Christians and Jews who have great disparities in their principles and the ideologies that bind them. In addition, the Palestinian culture in the West Bank also have a great influence from the Jordanian culture because of its conquest of the area for nearly seventeen years and the curriculum that the education system in the West Bank region follows is patterned after the Jordanian curriculum. This type of curriculum may have been a factor in building a smoother relationship between the two cultures because they get to have a deeper understanding of each other’s beliefs and background. However, it must be noted that not all those who have Jordanian citizenship in the West Bank are really Jordanians. Many of those who hold such citizenship are Palestinians who have been living in the West Bank before the Palestinian National Administration came to power (Encarta online encyclopedia, 2007). References Microsoft Encarta online encyclopedia (2007). â€Å"West Bank†. Retrieved April 22, 2008, from http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761557747/West_Bank.html Microsoft Encarta online encyclopedia (2007). â€Å"Modern Palestine†. Retrieved April 22, 2008, from http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_701844116/Palestine_Modern.html Every Culture (n.d.). â€Å"Jordanians†. Retrieved April 22, 2008, from =http://www.everyculture.com/wc/Japan-to-Mali/Jordanians.html data-wpel-link=ext ernal rel=nofollow>http://www.everyculture.com/wc/Japan-to-Mali/Jordanians.html Every Culture (n.d.). â€Å"Palestinians†. Retrieved April 22, 2008, from =http://www.everyculture.com/wc/Germany-to-Jamaica/Palestinians.html data-wpel-link=external rel=nofollow>http://www.everyculture.com/wc/Germany-to-Jamaica/Palestinians.html Every Culture (n.d.). â€Å"Culture of Palestine, West Bank and Gaza Strip†. Retrieved April 22, 2008, from http://www.everyculture.com/No-Sa/Palestine-West-Bank-and-Gaza- Strip.html Time magazine (1978, June 19). West Bank: The Cruelest Conflict. Retrieved April 22, 2008, from http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,919757-1,00.html We will write a custom essay sample on Jordanians and Palestinians in the West Bank Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Jordanians and Palestinians in the West Bank Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Jordanians and Palestinians in the West Bank Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Free Essays on Zora Neale Hurston

Summer Reading Assignment: Biography of Zora Neale Hurston The quotation on her tombstone, â€Å"A Genius of the South† is an understatement. (Dickenson) Zora Neale Hurston is more than a genius. She is an inspiration to all kind of people, but primarily African Americans. Her writings about everyday life help normal people get through all kinds of troubles. She was born on 7 January 1891 in Notasulga, Alabama, but soon after, she moved to Eatonville, Florida. Many people think that this was her place of birth, but it is not. Most of her ideas for her writings come from her struggles while living in Eatonville. (Dickenson) Hurston’s mother, Lucy Hurston, died in 1904, and she took a dislike to her stepmother. As a result, she left home and joined a traveling theatre company. This wasthe beginning of Hurston’s education and future writing career. (Dickenson) After leaving home, Hurston ended up at Morgan Academy where she finished high school. In 1920, she enrolled in Howard University. After about a year, Hurston’s first piece of work was published. In 1921, Howard University’s literary magazine published one of her stories. She received more recognition later when another story appeared in the New York Magazine Opportunity. Hurston won second place in the Opportunity contest and, after lots of encouragement, moved to New York. (Dickenson) One of Hurston’s earliest pieces of works was the play Mule Bone she â€Å"wrote with Langston Hughes.† (Dickenson) The two disagreed over ownership though and charged one another with plagiarism. (Byrd) In 1934, Hurston published â€Å"Jonah’s Gourd Vine†, her first novel, which was based on two people who were like her parents. In 1935, she published a book of collected tales entitled Mules and Men. In 1937, the most powerful novel Hurston has ever written,... Free Essays on Zora Neale Hurston Free Essays on Zora Neale Hurston Zora Neale Hurston was an African American writer. She grew up in an all black town of Eatonville, Florida. Zora was born January 7, 1903. When she was young her father, John Hurston, tried to crush her spirit. However, her mother urged all eight of her children to be ambitious. This encouragement made Zora continue her writing skills. Hurston’s writings reflect her immersion in â€Å"black folk† life. Racism played a relatively minor role in her fiction. Out of the many books she wrote, she was self possessed and self confident enough to deal with racism. Zora did not have to deal with the early abrasive contracts with racist whites that had deeply influenced almost all other â€Å"Afro-American† writers. Zora lost her mother at a young age and this caused her father to remarry quickly after her death. She despised her stepmother so much that she decided to leave her home. Zora later decided to drop out of school. For several years she wandered from house to house of family and friends. At the age of 16 she worked as a maid for a white singer. After about 18 months she moved to Baltimore. A while after she arrived, Zora was ready to renew her education. After she waited tables for a while she returned to night school. Hurston attended Morgan College in the high school department for two years. She also won a scholarship to Barnard College. She then continued school at Howard University in nearby Washington. She was influenced by Lorenzo D. Tuner of the Department of English. Alain Locke, a member of a campus literary group known as The Stylus, also encouraged her writing efforts. She was also the favorite pupil of the great Franz Boas. She wrote, â€Å"Drenched in Light† and it was soon published by Charles S. Johnson in December 1924. In New York, 1925, Zora won second prize in the opportunity competition for both short story and play. Zora graduated in 1928 and ready to write. After graduation, the next four years were spent ... Free Essays on Zora Neale Hurston Summer Reading Assignment: Biography of Zora Neale Hurston The quotation on her tombstone, â€Å"A Genius of the South† is an understatement. (Dickenson) Zora Neale Hurston is more than a genius. She is an inspiration to all kind of people, but primarily African Americans. Her writings about everyday life help normal people get through all kinds of troubles. She was born on 7 January 1891 in Notasulga, Alabama, but soon after, she moved to Eatonville, Florida. Many people think that this was her place of birth, but it is not. Most of her ideas for her writings come from her struggles while living in Eatonville. (Dickenson) Hurston’s mother, Lucy Hurston, died in 1904, and she took a dislike to her stepmother. As a result, she left home and joined a traveling theatre company. This wasthe beginning of Hurston’s education and future writing career. (Dickenson) After leaving home, Hurston ended up at Morgan Academy where she finished high school. In 1920, she enrolled in Howard University. After about a year, Hurston’s first piece of work was published. In 1921, Howard University’s literary magazine published one of her stories. She received more recognition later when another story appeared in the New York Magazine Opportunity. Hurston won second place in the Opportunity contest and, after lots of encouragement, moved to New York. (Dickenson) One of Hurston’s earliest pieces of works was the play Mule Bone she â€Å"wrote with Langston Hughes.† (Dickenson) The two disagreed over ownership though and charged one another with plagiarism. (Byrd) In 1934, Hurston published â€Å"Jonah’s Gourd Vine†, her first novel, which was based on two people who were like her parents. In 1935, she published a book of collected tales entitled Mules and Men. In 1937, the most powerful novel Hurston has ever written,... Free Essays on Zora Neale Hurston Zora Neale Hurston was born to John and Lucy Hurston. Her birthplace was Eatonville, FL. Zora came in the world on January 7, 1891, but she always claimed to have been born ten years later. As one of eight children, she felt disliked by her father. At the age of nine, Zora’s mother passed. She left home to live with one of her brother’s family, but soon also left there. (Their Eyes) Zora got her writing start at Howard Prep School in Washington, D.C. (Their Eyes 211) In 1920, Zora received her associate degree from Howard University. By 1921, Zora published her first short story, John Redding at the Sea. (Their Eyes 211) In 1924, she put out her first folk piece, Drenched in Light. A few years later, Hurston hooked up with fellow Renaissance writer, Langston Hughes. They collaborated on the magazine, Fire (1926), and in 1930 they co-wrote and produced Mule Bone, a play. (Their Eyes 212) Though many other great works would follow, Zora often failed at one thing. She was married several times and no children were born to these unions. When she was not writing or producing, she worked doing odd jobs. Once, she was a waitress in a black owned barbershop that only serviced whites. Then, she served as a librarian at Patrick Air Force Base. Another time, she was a substitute teacher at Lincoln Park Academy. Sadly, after all of her accomplishments and accolades, Zora died penniless and alone. She was buried in an unmarked grave. In the mid 1970’s, Alice Walker went â€Å"In Search of Zora Neale Hurston† and marked the folklorist grave. (Their Eyes 219) Plot Summary After being married off for Nanny’s peace and widowed twice, Janie returns to the town that Joe Starks built. Eatonville, FL was in no way a sanctuary for Janie, but it did house the center of her many beginnings. As Janie sat at the feet of her friend, Phoeby Watson, she begins to pour out her heart and soul. Janie was thrown into the car... Free Essays on Zora Neale Hurston The era in the 1920’s known as the Harlem Renaissance was a great change for African Americans. During the previous decade’s Great Migration millions of black Americans moved to the north, settling mostly in Harlem. The Renaissance coincided with the time Zora Neale Hurston, an African American writer, attended and graduated college and began writing. Hurston was an example of culture, diversity, and originality in the Harlem Renaissance. Zora Neale Hurston was born January 7, 1891 in Eatonville, Florida. Her parents, John and Lucy Ann Hurston, had three other children. Eatonville was one of the first all-black communities in the nation to be self-governed. Zora grew up surrounded by African Americans in all aspects of life. â€Å"Eatonville was a unique municipality, one where traditional black culture not only survived but flourished.† (Witcover 22) She was very inquisitive, adventurous, intelligent, sassy, and creative. She completed high school at Morgan Academy in Baltimore, where she first became interested in writing. She then went on to college at Howard University in 1919. She left Howard University and moved to New York in 1925, during the Harlem Renaissance. During her time in Harlem Hurston became a well-known and widely celebrated writer and personality. Her short stories, such as Spunk and Drenched in Light, told stories of life-like events. The African American characters were often based on real life and represented black American’s lives in America at the time of the Harlem Renaissance. â€Å"She not only developed a dynamic mature style; she had also demonstrated her ability to make sophisticated use of the folklore that had fascinated her all her life.† (Witcover 61) In 1936 Hurston wrote her most celebrated novel Their Eyes Were Watching God. The novel is an account of a girl’s search for herself and for self-expression. It is also a romantic love story, which is believed to have basis in Hurston’s lov...

Critical Issue Paper Three Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Critical Issue Paper Three - Essay Example Thus, Marshall's stance is on the brink of exaggeration or at the least overreaction. We may forgive him, considering that the victory may have pushed him to go overboard with excessive elation. But the truth of the matter is, the victory was far from being impossible. The basis for this contention is, first, Germany was practically smashed to smithereens as a result of World War I, which ended in 1919. The Treaty of Versailles in 1919 militarily, politically, and economically emasculated Germany, which was forced to limit its armed forces to a measly 100,000 troops with conscription absolutely prohibited1. Moreover, German naval forces were virtually crippled by a provision limiting it to a mere possession of 6 battleships, 6 cruisers, 12 torpedo boats and 12 destroyers plus a provision strictly banning the importation, exportation and manufacture of weapons and poison gas as well as the prohibition of submarines, military aircrafts, artillery and tanks. Thus, the Treaty of Versailles rendered Germany a political lameduck worthy of international pity. To add injury to all those insults, Germany was stripped of its territorial possessions notably West Prussia, Danzig, eastern Upper Silesia, Alsace-Lorraine, and Northern Schleswig2. In 1939, one year before the outbreak of World War II, Germany had barely revived itself from the catastrophic devastation. In 1939, the naval force of Germany was inconsequentially insignificant with a mere 8 cruisers, 18 submarines and 3 pocket battleships3. However, in direct contravention of the Treaty of Versailles, Hitler started to rearm Germany and conscripted Germans to the Nazi Wehrmacht. But still in 1939, the Allied forces were in the upper hand. The body count of those who participated in World War II in behalf of the Allied forces was overwhelming as the Allies were able to conscript not only British, French, Russians, Americans (6 million) and Poles but also Canadians (1.1 million), Mexicans, British Indians, Australians, New Zealanders, Nepalese, Greeks etc.4. The Allied manpower alone, gave them the edge. The AXIS manpower, on the other hand, was limited to the Germans, Italians and the Japanese as the conquered countries such as France, Poland, the Scandinavian and Balkan countries never willfully contributed manpower to the AXIS cause but instead fought against them via the underground resistance movements. 3 To say that the Allies were fighting an almost indefensible war is a ludicrous statement because although oftentimes they were caught with their backs on the wall yet the Allies had definite advantages. Prior to the war, Britain was one of the most prosperous nations in the world with

Protecting Intellectual Property Rights With Information Assurance Research Paper

Protecting Intellectual Property Rights With Information Assurance - Research Paper Example Thus, information assurance was given birth as a response to the threat of hacking and stealing vital information, especially data from particular high-profile government or institution. The definitions and practices pertaining to information assurance, on the other hand, are multifaceted and multifarious. Like the complicated Web and its laws, if there are any, the information assurance is an intricate field of human knowledge. This paper discusses the numerous and various definitions of the concept called information assurance (hereinafter IA). It also examines the security services prominent in the information assurance. Of Definitions There are numerous definitions or categorization to the concept of â€Å"information assurance.† Most of these definitions are defined or categorized by various U.S. government institutions such as the U.S. Air Force, the National Defense University, the Pentagon, among other institutions. The U.S. Air Force, for one, categorizes the term inf ormation assurance as a representation of â€Å"measures to protect friendly information systems by preserving the availability, integrity, and confidentiality of the systems and the information contained within the systems† (as cited in Curts & Campbell, 2002, pp. 1-2). What is peculiar in this definition of IA is the description of the information systems as something friendly. ... (The emphasis of Curts and Campbell’s IA is on the protection through preservation.) On the one hand, the Pentagon’s Office of the Secretary of Defense categorizes IA in this fashion: â€Å"Informational assurance is the component of information operations that assures the Department of Defense’s operational readiness by providing for the continuous availability and reliability of information systems and networks† (as cited in Curts & Campbell, 2002, p. 2). Here, the definition of the phrase â€Å"information assurance† centers on, as the phrase implies, the assurance of readiness via the provision of availability and reliability of information systems or networks. In contrast to the U.S. Air Force’s, the Pentagon views IA as an assurance -- not as a protection of authenticity -- for availability and reliability of the systems and/or networks. Further, Pentagon’s concept of information assurance is contextualized -- that is, the praxis of IA largely belongs to certain operational activities or transactions by its Department of Defense. The National Defense University (NDU), on the other hand, describes IA as â€Å"information operations (IO) that protect and defend information systems by ensuring their integrity, authentication, confidentiality, and non-repudiation† (as cited in Curts & Campbell, 2002, p. 2). Like the Pentagon’s IA, NDU’s information assurance is synonymous or attributed to the information operations. This similarity is grounded on the fact that both institutions, by nature of their office or function, are military in orientation. But unlike the Pentagon’s, IA as outlined by the National Defense University is perceived in terms of protecting and defending the systems or networks through ensuring or ascertaining not only their CIA but

Sleeping beauty and the enchanted Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sleeping beauty and the enchanted - Essay Example On the other hand, this paper posits that with regard to the way the two heroines faced life and their problems, in 'Sleeping Beauty' Aurora was more a passive character whose fate was decided by the protection of the people who love her and the contrasting evil intentions of the witch Maleficent, whereas in 'Enchanted' Giselle, though thrust into a modern world against her will and in a passive sense as well, was an active participant in the shaping of her future and destiny. The paper develops this latter comparison and contrast of the passive versus active engagement of the world as represented by Aurora and Giselle respectively (IMDb; IMDb (b)). II. Discussion There is a way to view 'Enchanted' as a modern version of 'Sleeping Beauty'. For one, both heroines in the two movies, Aurora and Giselle, were pursued by witches and both were the subject of assassination attempts by those witches. In 'Sleeping Beauty' the witch is Maleficent, who cursed Aurora to die on her 16th birthday by through a prick on the Princess' finger. In 'Enchanted' on the other hand Narissa wished to kill Giselle through the poisoned apples that she asked Nathaniel to give to the young princess. In the end the two witches would turn into dragons to try and slay the princes and prevent the heroines to be with the men that they love. Both are pure in heart and innocent too. In 'Enchanted' we see that Giselle had a pure heart, demonstrated by her total lack of concern for money, the purity of her belief in true love, the way she was able to command the rodents and the vermin of New York, and her genuine concern for the couple whose divorce Robert was overseeing. Her positive effect on the couples separating, as well as her positive effect on Morgan and Robert, also testify to Giselle's good vibes and pure spirit and intentions. Meanwhile, In 'Sleeping Beauty' we see Aurora also growing up under the shelter of the three good fairies who tried to protect her, and the purity of her person ca n be gleaned from the way he was able to identify the love of her life Phillip from just one meeting. Then too we see the purity of their persons and their hearts from the way they were awoken from their sleep and freed from the evil spells of the witches that pursued them, by the kiss of their true love. There is something pure and potent about this love, that corresponded with the love and the purity that was in the two heroines as well. Love was the lock that was required to wake up the love that was found in them as well. The correspondence spoke of what was in the hearts of the two heroines. Indeed, except for some minor changes in the plot, such as Giselle ending up in New York instead of the woods, and of having the father and daughter pair of Robert and Morgan for company instead of the three fairies of Aurora, one can say that the lives and the way the stories unfolded for the two heroines share many very similar threads, highlights and milestones. The two also would end up happily ever after in the end, with Aurora in the company of the love of his life and the person who saved her from the sleep, and Giselle in the company of Robert and Morgan (IMDb; IMDb (b)). On the other hand, there are differences too in the lives and the general nature of the